Journalism in China: Then and Now Essay

In 1978, the People’s Republic of China had less than one television receiver per 100 people, and fewer than ten million Chinese had access to a television set. Today, almost all dwellings in China have a television, or a number of it. The Chinese Central Television controls television broadcasting in China, being the most powerful network in mainland. On the other hand, the number of newspapers in mainland China has increased from 42 – virtually all Communist Party papers- in 1968 to more than 2,200 today. There are in fact more than 7,000 magazines and journals in the country nowadays. The emergence of the country’s paramount leader, Deng Xiaoping, in 1976 brought about the economic and social reforms in mainland China, being reflected in media content. The media in are now becoming more autonomous and more diverse. A diversity is attributable to the fact that most state media outlets not longer receive subsidies from the government and are expected to largely pay for themselves through commercial advertising. They no longer serve solely as ‘government spokesperson’ but also produce programs that people get interested to so that money can be generated for them to continue to exist. Its media is now more dynamic, aggressive and prolific reporting on a wider variety of topics than ever before. Since the late 1970s, media in China have frequently criticized party cadres and have published debates on fundamentals issues as the rule of law, freedom of the press, and universal human rights. They have also reported on a number of previously undiscussed social and lifestyle subjects. Even though political reporting is still tightly controlled, Chinese journalists have become professional writers who cover aspects of society, economics and international affairs that would have been prohibited two decades ago. In 2003, the government initiated plans to formally allow private investment or to commercialize media. As a result, journalists were encouraged to report more aggressively on stories about crime, low-level corruption, celebrity gossip, and more. However, local officials still often tolerate this reporting, as long as it brings in revenue for the provincial or municipal government, and it does not touch too closely on their own leadership. Also, talk radio in mainland China allows a much freer exchange of public views or opinions than other media formats. In effect, talk radio has shifted the paradigm from authorities addressing the people to people addressing the authorities. The country’s rapid economic developments, as well as educational advances leading to greater literacy, have been important reasons for the dramatic expansion of the media and the diversification of coverage. As journalists report more aggressively on crime and corruption, they face new dangers. Censorship, detention, legal action, and arrest – the threats historically faced by journalists in China – have been long and well documented by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) and other press freedom groups. Forty-two journalists are now in prison in China, most for revealing corruption among high-level government officials, advocating political reforms, or reporting on banned topics. In recent years, a number of high-profile cases have brought the issue of violence against journalists to public attention and have inspired Chinese journalists to speak up in defense of their basic right to freely report. Journalism is widely seen as a more promising career field that in the past. The rising popularity and profitability of metropolitan media offer the prospect that higher quality, better-paid jobs in journalism will expand in the years ahead.

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Maximizing Revenues in Minor Leagues Case Study

Maximizing Revenues in Minor Leagues - Case Study Example He carried out a research to plan on how he would come up with a ticketing system that was convenient for sports fans in Springfield. The Customer Profiles The association found out that most of the people in Springfield were not fans of professional sporting events, despite the fact that the neighboring Boston city is home to some of the world’s best professional sport teams such as basketball’s Celtics and baseball’s Red Sox. Residents attended sporting events at local schools and college events. This is surprising considering the fact that Springfield is the worldwide basketball hall of fame and the birthplace of basketball. It has no professional basketball club and only one ice hockey team. Most of the diehard sports fans go to Boston to watch their favorite sport clubs playing. so for a fact Buckingham knew that there were sports fans in Springfield only that there were no enough sporting events for them to watch in Springfield so they opted for Boston. There were also the college students and little leaguers who were eager to experience professional sporting events in Springfield hence would attend matches to experience the thrill. Buckingham learnt from the general managers of sport teams in other small cities that the keys to selling the Nor’easters to Springfield residents were professionalism, fun, simplicity, and flexibility. One of the general managers called it a family fun business since it aims at both entertaining and generating enough income to maintain the teams and to pay the players. This is as opposed to how he had thought, that games won and lost would affect the attendance of the next matches, as was the case in Major League Baseball. He also knew that the reason why most of Springfield’s college populations do not attend professional sporting events is due to the pricing of the tickets, since large populations of Springfield’s residents live below the average standards of living. He then had to know the charges that would be affordable to the local baseball fans. Pricing In the survey, he realized most of the MDs in other cities prefer the pricing to be like that of other entertainment events like movies, bowling and other sporting events, it should not be so high because most of the residents mind about their usage of money and would rarely pay for expensive tickets. Buckingham also got the idea of season tickets, group sales, and individual tickets. He learnt that the three helped balance the ticket revenue. Group tickets made the most sales if they priced reasonably lower than individual tickets hence the need for prompting them with little promotions to attract local customers. The promotions would include summer camp programs and family days out. One way of keeping the ticket prices low was securing corporate sponsorship to sell stadium banner ads. Another way of increasing revenue and profits was by the use of concession sales, this include snack sales, souvenirs and arcade games, though he was not quite convinced with this offer so he decided to shed more light on it in his research. By the time, Buckingham was through with the questionnaire, there were two categories of information he decided to major on. These are price sensitivity, and sports attendance. These were the key factors that would determine the success of the ticketing process. The pricing that he would come up with would determine the attendance, which is a key issue in getting revenue. There should be keenness in setting the ticket prices to suit all the target audience. Single Tickets and Season Ticket Packages Single tickets are those which sell for every

Why the government should create policies that make buying locally Research Paper

Why the government should create policies that make buying locally more appealing to us in the United States - Research Paper Example Lester Brown, President of the Earth Policy Institute states, â€Å"The prospect of peaking oil production has direct consequences for world food security, as modern agriculture depends heavily on the use of fossil fuels.† Modern agriculture depends heavily on fossil fuels to operate the heavy machinery necessary to take the worlds supply of food from a beginning, on the farm, to its end, in the hands of the consumer. Brown points out many aspects in his article to support the fact that the rising cost of fossil energy is driving the American economy back into its local communities. Every product produced that ends up in the hands of the consumer is directly effected by the use of fossil fuels. Past decades of inexpensive oil has created this dependency which in turn has given rise to the way our society lives. There is virtually no limit to the distance that food can travel to the consumer. Many of the products that we consume daily travel from China, an emerging country, als o, have seen a growing dependency on fossil fuels. In their effort to become more capitalistic, backward agricultural methods have been replaced with modern machinery dependent on oil. Dependency on oil not only creates higher cost in food; it also creates a constant flow of filthy air back into the environment. Therefore, with these notable factors, should the government make policies that drive the consumer back toward the local economy? It’s a question of individual initiative in most instances, but most of us look to the government for guidance just as a child looks to its parents. Should the government be involved at all in the daily lives of the consumer? Policy is not treated in the same fashion, as are laws. Policies put forth to a society as a whole give suggestions and positive influences that are more readily accepted by the majority. A policy is a more tactful way of achieving an end result without the rigors of law. Consider our food safety! Where do our foods or iginate? What are the safety factors involved in transporting foods from such long distances? What are the positive factors of focusing more on local grown foods? The Food and Water Watch states, â€Å"Our current food system is broken, and it didn’t happen by accident.† The Fair Farm Bill works to bring positive aspects, changes, and upgrades when needed. It also promotes the local food movement, pointing out that locally grown foods are more accessible, healthful, tasty, and help local communities prosper. As local communities prosper, it brings the economic living standards back to an acceptable quality of life. The current food system consists of large monopolies formed primarily to sustain themselves economically due to rising cost of fuels and other expenses. Farmers have been forced to merge with others into large conglomerates, which have not been a positive factor for the consumer in producing quality, healthy, and fresh foods. Foods that are produced in other countries do not have the same health standards supported by the policies of the United States. The merger era also destabilized pricing. Pricing in any industry normally fluctuates by supply and demand. Large conglomerates monopolize the market creating their own pricing structures, but questionable inferior quality foods. Smaller local food entities focus more on quality vs. quantity. Competition is what drives any capitalistic society to improve on what now exists. In order for local small business to exist, there must be a breakdown of the large conglomerates. A competitive atmosphere fuels more business, better quality, and lower pricing; which will be passed to the local communities giving easy access

Evils of the Grand Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evils of the Grand Theory - Essay Example The field of international relations should give little focus on the grand theory and rather focus on the dependency on the mid level theories.Categorical work is self-imposed as there is always labeling of work, connecting it to the individual who did what kind of work. Political scientists, start to link others to a certain tradition and be blamed of any poor research on a certain tradition. Here the political scientists cite the same sources in all research traditions and allocate similar works in their courses. Such works are read as a representation of the assumptions of the examination traditions and convey their meaning and the information to junior scholars. These works serves the reason to orient debates in the field. The evil in this issue is that the research traditions developed may be different from what the author might have intended to say. This is because they loss delicacy and quality of the information the themes portray in certain books or writings (Pearlman, 2013) . For the purposes of self-identification and the rise in the professional’s ability to be noticed, new incentives that are tilted to emerging approaches lead to formation of evils. This is because associations for scholars with common ground that is intended to bring a unified outcome, breeds a force for diversity of traditions and ideas. Even though, the existence of diverse traditions is not negative, as portrayed by the above pathologies, when joined to the next pathologies they hinder research for the political scientists.

Portfolio Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Assessment - Assignment Example It first involves determining the actual existent state of a company of business. External and internal audits should be carried out to clearly bring out an understanding of an organization’s actual competency and the existing competitive environment. It will then become necessary to determine the most important goals for the company (Porter 2008, p. 89). Priorities should be set at this stage and it should be ensured that the strategic plan focuses on these priorities. Objectives should then be set in order to address any priority issues that may be existent. Accountabilities should then set so that communication becomes easier and the objectives are addressed at individual levels. The plan should then be reviewed over and over again due to the dynamic nature of the market. Strategic tools are the essential and most applied business solution tools that companies apply so as to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Innovations and new developments only become successful if the resulting products and services can sell well. These tools are instrumental in analyzing the existing market, be it a niche, so as to create opportunities for serving clients with a wide variety of products that are more competitive and adapted to a dynamic market development as compared to the other competitors. Some of these tools include Porter’s 5 forces Model, The BCG Matrix, The SWOT Matrix, and The 4 P’s of the Marketing mix, Life Cycle Analysis, Ansoff Matrix, Maslow’s Pyramid and the 7-S McKinsey method. All these strategies are aimed at analyzing different aspects and levels of existence in an organization (Simerson 2011, p. 123). As such, not all these tools are applicable to any situations, thereby their effectiveness is limited to specific si tuations. The political factors of analysis involve government controls and rules in the effort of the company to keep up with the Environmental and Corporate Social

Qualative Analysis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Qualative Analysis - Lab Report Example At the end of the practical it was possible to establish the cations present in our unknown sample #19. Qualitative analysis is a method in analytical chemistry which involves the identifying of unknowns in a given solution. It is important in chemistry especially when one is dealing with unknown mixtures to be able to establish the solution properties and the methods of separation if you need to separate. In the general Laboratory set up, qualitative analysis is aimed at getting a deeper understanding of the cations and also learns how to handle them and detect them effectively when in any solution. The main hypothetical question in qualitative analysis is whether a certain cation is present in a given solution. To prove that hypothesis null, then a series of chemical reactions are conducted and the color changes are mainly used to establish their presence. It should be noted that many cations will have similar color changes and so a series of subsequent reactions are used in the detection of a certain cation (Page & Foster 11). In this lab we divided the cations to be characterized into two sub groups, this was done by selective precipitation. The precipitate was then separated physically be centrifuging as it settles out and the supernatant liquid decanted. This was the first step where the large group was separated into smaller groups so that a definitive test can be performed to verify the presence or absence of a specific cation. The cations were classified into two groups according to their ability to dissolve. Group A had ( Bi+3, Fe+3 and Mn+2) while group B had (Al+3, Cr+3 and Sn+4) which were to be used in the two labs. The ions were in a combined unknown solution and they were to be analyzed to establish the cations present. To be sure where any of the cations was present in the solution it was important to run a number of procedures that are described below. In test 1, Mn+2 ions were confirmed present. In the addition of NaBiO3 the color of

Character Sketch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Character Sketch - Essay Example is a man with consistent principles both in his views and deeds; a trait that earned him love and a barrage of criticisms in certain quarters in equal measure, more particularly among the white community for being too tolerant towards the plight of ‘Negros’ in the 80s when racism was at its peak. Big Daddy perceives every individual living within the United States and the world over as equal human beings who have all the rights to enjoy justice and social respect. Like principles etched in the corners of his brain, he memorizes the opening sentence of the second paragraph of the United States’ Declaration of Independence long considered the founding creed of America’s civil religion, and actually recites it as it is, that: â€Å"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.† Unlike the majority living during his time, Big Daddy led by example, falling far short to subscribing and living by the norms of the pride in the white community. Accordingly, he fell in love and actually married a black woman. Further, he has had a black man as his aid in his entire career as a lawyer and a rights defender. He actually started drifting off in his early ages, taking the very opposite steps like mingling a lot with the black community to demystify the long standing myths had been peddled for ages. Among other things that he will be remembered for by generations is the very brave act of helping the blacks with own resources in pursuit of injustices for crimes committed in total disregard of the law. According to Miss Jilian words – a neighbor and a friend – Big Daddy is not only a defender of justice, but a passionate, dedicated activist fighting battles worth fighting for even if it means putting his resources and life on the line; he has helped bring sanity into the minds hitherto full of hatred of

Critical Thinking for Managers Questions Assignment

Critical Thinking for Managers Questions - Assignment Example 2. Peyton Manning makes millions of dollars a year for throwing a football. Why does he make so much more than teachers who educate our children? Why does he make more than doctors who could save your life? In a capitalist world, the demand and demand for a product dictates its price. In this case, it is evident that the demand for entertainment by consumers from people extraordinary skills like Peyton Manning is high while the supply is short. Hence, Peyton Manning and other athletes who provide entertainment with extraordinary skills earn more than teachers and doctors whose skills are not as extraordinary as athletes’ skills. Milk is strategically placed at the back of a convenient store by virtue of the product being a necessity item whose consumption is high. Hence, placing milk at the front in a convenient store cannot tempt consumers to buy other products since they will only pick the necessities and leave the convenient store without spending more than they would if they shopped on impulse. Conversely, convenient stores have the â€Å"pay at the pump† option in order save the time and money of the customers who would carry out extra shopping if they were to pay inside the convenient store. These two answers are not consistent since one promotes impulse buying while the other does not. With the rising cost of health, the company created a corporate wellness program in order to motivate workers to stay healthy. However, there was complacency on the part of the employees in adopting the wellness program, which witnessed a few employees following the training regime. These two outlets put blue jeans on sale in order to attract customer who eventually buy other brands of jeans. In this case, these outlets recognize the role of conducting a sale in one commodity will eventually attract customers who will not only purchase the blue jeans on sale, but also purchase other commodities that the outlets sold. Pantyhose are not

Crime Trends in Chicago, IL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Crime Trends in Chicago, IL - Essay Example reported at the time when the total population of the city stood at less than three million; this resulted in a rate of murder of about thirty four percent per one hundred thousand. However, the city started experiencing considerable decrease in the cases of murder from the year 1992, whereby the total murder cases fell to six hundred and forty one in the year 1999. The city has fewer number of cases of murder in the year 2002 even though the rate was still quite higher that some other cities. Chicago crime statistics show a general downward pattern in criminal issues based on the data from eleven years, whereby violent there has been a significant decrease in violent and property crime. On the basis of this trend, we find that the rate of crime in Chicago for the year 2011 has seen a significant fall as compared to 2009. Chicago’s city violent crime in the year 2009 was higher as compared to national rate of violent crime averaged by one hundred and sixty two percent and the rate of city property crime was higher as compared to the rate of national property crime by forty percent (Zhang 129). In the year 2009, the rate of city violent crime in Chicago was higher as compared to the rate of violent crime in Illinois by one hundred and twenty six percent and the rate of city property crime in Chicago was higher compared to the rate of property crime in Illinois by fifty five percent. The rate of crime in Chicago continued its free fall in April, 2011, which marked th e twenty eighth consecutive months that a decline in the violent crime had been reported by the Chicago Police department (Zhang 130). The rate of homicide during the last year was the lowest to be experienced in the city since the year 1965 (Federal Bureau of Investigation 12). However, according to the crime numbers that were reported by the Chicago Police department this year, it appears that the freefall in the rate of homicide is going to continue. There have been about seventeen less homicides

The Scarlet Letter Scaffold Scenes Essay Example for Free

The Scarlet Letter Scaffold Scenes Essay The Scarlet Letter Interpretive Essay In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, the Reverend Dimmesdale is the central conflict of the story. He is torn between his need to accept and pronounce his sin and Pearl as his daughter and his love of freedom. His demeanor drastically changes from the first scaffold scene, where he is seen as a two-faced criticizer to the third and final scaffold scene, where he humbly repents and acknowledges his sin publicly. The three scaffold scenes in the book are very important, as they portray Dimmesdale’s gradual advancement from total hypocrite towards complete atonement for his sin. In the first scaffold scene, Hester Prynne is seen on the scaffold, holding Pearl in her arms, unwaveringly acknowledging her sin. The Reverend Dimmesdale is there as well, taking on the role of her accuser and demanding that she reveal the person with whom she committed the adulterous act. Hester Prynne absolutely refuses to name the father of her child and declares. I will not speak, and my child must seek a heavenly Father, she shall never know an earthly one! † (Page 60) This scene shows Reverend Dimmesdale as a sheer hypocrite and, while he persists in having Hester name her lover, he secretly prays that she maintains her silence in order to keep his reputation immaculate. At the second scaffold scene, Dimmesdale, who is still maintaining his position as Hester Prynne’s accuser and a hypocrite, is suffering with the struggle of his perfect reputation battling his real self. During the middle of the night, while the townspeople are all asleep, Dimmesdale makes his way to the scaffold, holding a silent vigil. He cries out in physical and mental pain. Hester and Pearl hear his crying as they are on their way home and go to him. There, at Dimmesdale’s request, that they join him on the scaffold where they stand in the darkness, holding each other. Pearl then asks Dimmesdale if he would stand with them at noontide the next day and he refuses, saying that instead, they will stand together on the great Judgement Day. During the third and final scaffold scene, Dimmesdale is finally seen as humbly repentant for his and Hester’s sin. Immediately after his Election Day sermon, which makes him even more popular among the townspeople, Dimmesdale, leads the procession of people towards the town hall for a banquet. As he nears the scaffold, he calls for Hester and Pearl to help him up the stairs and asks them once again to stand beside him. At this moment, Dimmesdale confesses to the whole town, pronouncing his guilt but yet, at the same time, was able to salvage his soul. Dimmesdale is finally able to free himself of all anguish and die with an open conscience. This is the only moment of pride for Dimmesdale throughout the entire book. He then dies, knowing that he will be warmly welcomed into God’s Heavenly Kingdom. Through the three scaffold scenes, Nathaniel Hawthorne shows the increasing mental and physical pain the Reverend Dimmesdale experienced by trying to hide his sin from the townspeople and God Himself. In the first scaffold scene, he is Hester’s two-faced accuser; in the second scaffold scene, he displays unbearable bodily and psychological pain. Finally, in the third scaffold scene, he is publicly and humbly repentant for his sin, liberating not only himself, but also Hester and Pearl. Although one could say that he dies in shame in the eyes of the townspeople, because of his willful public confession, he is actually given a gracious acceptance into Heaven, where he will live with eternal happiness and completely free of any torment or anguish.

How to Write Radio Drama Essay Example for Free

How to Write Radio Drama Essay Here are some horrible truths: Most radio drama is very badly written. Radio drama is an endangered species. It has never taken a hold of mainstream programming on commercial radio in the UK. It used to be the mainstream in the States and Australia but lost out to TV in the middle to late fifties. It is under threat within public radio services including the BBC because of the pressure of monetarist ideology and the fact that authors and radio drama directors have been too complacent. IRDP is a significant oasis and continues to support the principle of the original play. Ground rules The Beginning The beginning is everything. If this part of it does not work you are up shit creek without a paddle. Your listeners will desert you. You have failed. You do not exist as a dramatist. Booo! The Moment of Arrival This is how you drop your listeners into the story. Dont give them a warm bed with comfortable pillows and a hot water bottle. The background and sub-text of previous histories is better explored through revelation in dramatic action. So parachute your listener into a top dramatic moment. Not the climax. That would be premature. Find the MOMENT to join the story. Avoid the slow snails explicatory route. Kick em into a high energy trip and whoosh them through the rapids. Structure Set upstruggleresolution. You can reverse this if the set-up is more dramatic and explosive than the resolution. Regard your play as a series of phases The Plot This is the story with lots of twists and turns. The more the merrier. Most listeners like good exciting plots. Without a good plot youre eating a souffle that has gone flat. You need plot, more plot and more plot. Run at least two story lines. Two sub plots would be interesting. Keep the plots linked logically within the same play. The best system is a major and a  minor storyline linked to one another. Get them to come together at the end. Surprise People are hungry for entertainment. If they wanted boredom they would be filling out their tax returns instead of listening to your radio play. Make people afraid, but also excited. Character Your main character must have the sympathy of the audience. Your audience has to identify with your main character. If this does not happen you have created a failure. Booo! Conflict Drama = conflict = audience. There has to be an emotional, financial, human, moral, physical struggle so your listeners can laugh or cry. Yes, you want your listeners to laugh or cry or laugh and cry. If you dont, give up. Polarities or Extremes The art of story telling is exploring the extreme limits of our psychological or physical existence. To pitch one polarity against another. The Climax I apologize for the sexual metaphor. But there is something in this. The better sex has foreplay, development, sustained excitement, surprise and affection, nay love followed by an explosion of ecstasy. Good radio drama is not all that different. If you dont use it, you lose it. Dialogue This is how we engage dramatically with the world. Characters inform, argue, amuse, outrage, argue through the ebb and flow of dialogue. When we do we talk and that is how great radio plays are made..by talking in dramatic dialogue. Atmosphere / Ambience This sets the emotional spirit of the play. It determines whether your  listeners believe in the world that you have created. Worlds are not created by dramatic dialogue alone. There is attitude and atmosphere. This is determined by detail and relevant detail. It could be in a sound effect. It could be in the writing. It could be in the music. It could be in everything. But the result is that the fifth dimension of radio writing the imagination of the listener is stimulated to become a picture palace of the mind. Emotion Got to be there. You have to generate an emotional response from the audience.preferably to the main character.also not so strongly in relation to the other characters. Emotion = love, hate, admiration. Never mind about the type of emotion..concentrate on whether it is there or not. Emotional connection between the writing and the listener = good radio drama. Balance Character and Plot You have to have both. You cannot trade. One can predominate over the other. Where they are balanced equally.it can only work if characterisation relates to plot development. If your main plot is character intensive, make sure that your minor plot is plot intensive. Purpose Crooks golden rule is that every word, every line, every scene must serve a dramatic purpose in terms of characterisation and plot development. Drop anything that does not have a dramatic purpose. Tension and Humour To stop the listener dropping off or switching off, maintain the tension always and throw in the humour. Tension, humour, tension, humour, tension humourlike the foxtrot..Make the emotional rhythm of the play dance on the listeners heart and mind. Charm and alarm, charm and alarm. But theyve got to be linked. Your character uses humour to react to the tension in the scene or play. Keep one character who uses humour to deal with difficult situations. Make sure the humour is verbal. Slapstick belongs to a different  type of play or entertainment. Make sure you do not have characters taking it in turns to be funny. This is not stand up comedy or sitcom. Make sure that the character who uses humour has a consistent sense of humour. Get your listener inside the world of your play. How? a. Sympathy or empathy with the main character. b. A bloody good set up. c. A big, nasty antagonist or villain. d. Great PlotGreat Story.twists and turns. e. Crisis at the beginning is dramatic and a great start. f. Emotional intensity. Hit some high points. g. Escalating conflict so the structure climbs with tension and humour. h. Strike the colours with detail so theres an atmosphere, moodambience. I. Modulate charm with alarmhumour with tensiontension with humourfunny policeman nasty policeman. j. Surprise, surprisethats what you do to the listener, through the plot. The principle of developing scenes 1.Introduction. 2.Character onegoal and objective. 3.Character twogoal and objective. 4.Purpose of scene in overall plot. 5.One of the characters achieves a goal. 6.Link to the next scene by introducing or pointing to location of next scene or presence of character in next scene. Question marks in the mind of the listener. Always keep one, better two or three The Principle of Character 1.Believable and recognisable. 2.Purpose within the plot. 3.Characters have to have function. Character has to be consistent with function. 4.Characters have to be intentional. 5.Start with a stereotype to ensure rapid recognition, then twist the stereotype. Challenge the homily that there is nothing new under the sun by making it new under the moon. 6.Give each character a dominant physical or behavioural characteristic. Make the dominant characteristic purposeful. Make it extreme. 7.Your main character must be active. 8.Active character / urgent plot. The characters energy has to fight the urgency of the plot and the urgency of the plot makes the character more energetic. The principle of Hero / Heroine 1.Listeners look up to main characters, want to admire them because we all want heroes and heroines in our lives. Lifes eternal fantasy that transcendent people and transcendent moments conquer adversity. 2.If you are very clever you can transfer the hero from the obvious to the humble and make great the inferior or character who has greater potential for human dignity. 3.Charisma. Characters need intensity and conviction. They may not be perfect but they are attractive. You cannot identify with people who are unlike ourselvestoo perfect, no beliefstake themselves too seriouslylack a sense of humour.. 4.Give your characters private moments when they drop their guards and allow us into their minds and hearts. Make the listener privileged. Use this moment for revelation. 5.The main character has to change and has to be changed by the plot. 6.You must have a main character and secondary characters. Your main character changes. Your secondary characters are probably more singular in their characteristics. Your secondary characters are already committed. Your main character is still weighing up the options. 7.You must have characters who are extreme in relation to each othercharacters that are different make drama. Where are we now? Well, we should be here. a. The main character is in the middle of the story. b. Youve used dominant characteristics. c. The listener likes the main character. d. The listener cares what happens to the main character. e. The listener hates the antagonist. f. The main character is developing. Principles of Dialogue a. Dialogue must be a response to a situation, plot or action. b. Dialogue must be a response to each character in the scene. c. Dialogue must be comic relief. d. Dialogue must connect to the next scene. e. Avoid reflective, passive and neutral. Go for active, and direct and emotional. f. Dialogue must be believable by being specificby being specific to the characters background and emotional state. g. If dialogue is reacting to action or situation then it must be dramatic and poised on polarities. The goals of the characters in each scene should be different. h. Dialogue should be continuous. Tipcharacters often take a tag by repeating the last word spoken by the first character. i. Dialogue must relate to function. j. You can mix direct with indirect between two characters because they have different goals. k. Humorous dialogue is not a character telling a joke but a line or lines responding to the dramatic situation. l. Heightened dialogue vs naturalistic dialogue. Heightened language is the language of the theatrehigh octane communicationpoetic, philosophicalcharged..the expression of the playwrightIt serves not only the development of the plot and character, but it also presents the view of the writer. Works well in radio. But there is now a tendency for more naturalism. Radio producers like to go out on location and explore realism. In these situations you must stick to natural dialogue. Principles peculiar to Radio 1.The inner existence. 2.The tension and conflict between the interior and exterior. 3.More psychological. 4.Easier to explore the real and the surreal and to delineate the line between the two. 5.Have to work in the fifth dimensionthe energy of the listeners imaginative participation. 6.The interior existence offers exploration of personal thoughts, fantasies, emotions and conflicts. 7.All  levels of external conflict can be explored. 8.The precipitating event through plot has to threaten the inner life of the main character. This is the kick-off in radio drama. 9.The end or resolution in radio drama is more deeply rooted in the emotional equilibrium and insight of the main character. Changes are internal as well as external. 10.Time transposition and translocation are faster and more rapid and more complicated. Flashbacksflashforwards different ages. 11.Radio requires less rather than more characters. Characterisation needs to be strong and fascinating. 12.Maintain the focus of the main character and plot. 13.Economy of words underlines subtextual surprise and engagement with the listeners imagination. 14.Wit is vital because language is so importantcleverness with wordsenergy with words..humour with wordsWit is advanced by surprising the listenerbeing aggressive with the listener..being fast, short and clever with the listener. 15.Irony is pathos and bathos. Its conflict between the inner life and outer action. Other radio drama producers in the world Norway: NRK kulturkanalen, P2 RODD- 0340, Oslo, Norway. Swedish Radio, SR S-105 10 Stockholm, Sweden. YLE Finnish Broadcasting Company Radio, PO Box 79 FIN-00024 Yleisrdio, Finland. HR, Hessischer Rundfunk Bertramstrasse 8, 60320 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. DR Danmarks Radio, Radio Drama Department, Ewaldsgade 3-9, DK 2200, Copenhagen N Denmark. ABC Australia, ABC Ultimo Centre, Level 5, 700 Harris Street, Ultimo NSW 2007. CBC-SRC, Radio Drama Department, Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MSW 1E6 SDR Suddeutscher Rundfunk, Neckarstrasse 230, 70190, Stuttgart, Germany. Radio Television Hong Kong, Broadcasting House, m 30 Broadcast Drive, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Other radio drama producers, SABC, South Africa, Los Angeles Theatre Works, LA, California, Public Radio, New Zealand.

Reflecting on Needs in Nursing and Healthcare

Reflecting on Needs in Nursing and Healthcare The aim of this essay is to critically reflect on one academic and one practical learning need. This essay will reflect in relation with my professional development as a health care practitioner based on the identified needs. John’s (1995) model of reflection will be used as an aid to reflect on this assignment. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) PREP continuing professional development guidelines format will be implemented during this writing. Confidentiality of the ward and patient’s information will be maintained throughout this essay in line with the United Kingdom, Data Protection Act (1998) and NMC (2008) codes of conduct on confidentiality, therefore the patient will be referred to as Mark a pseudonyms during description of the scenario. My identified clinical need based on information gathered from the first placement of my third year has improved my communication structure during patient’s handover to all members of staff. Improving this need is significant to me because, communication during patient’s handover can be considered as a paramount aspect of nursing care. Dossey and Keegan (2013) supported this by expressing that effective communication must be enhanced in order for holistic intervention to take effect in nursing practice. I researched about my clinical need for about twenty hours on different databases including government policies prior to writing this essay. On arrival to the ward I was asked by my mentor to hand over Mark a surgical patient to the nurse, health care assistant and another student nurse. During handover, I wanted to be outstanding and impress the health professionals as well as passing the vital information. However, this left me more nervous which made me realised how much I was struggling to articulate my sentence due to lack of structure. Odom-Forren (2007) study analysed handover to be a real time process of passing essential patient’s information between care givers in order to ensure continuity and safety of the patient. The purpose of this article was outlined as the importance of using structure for standardizing patient’s hand over, this made me understand that I have not being able to deliver this during the handover of Mark due to lack of structure. Street et al (2011) research identified how application of structured standardised handover has displayed significant improvement during nurse’ s handover. Structured handover makes the process more concise, objective and relevant (Griffen, 2010). Popovich (2011) research, Novak (2012) and Fenton (2006) study discussed how Implementations of a handover tool assists in recognising changes in patient’s status more quickly. Structured handover allows the receiving nurse to ask question related to the patient status and promotes accountability between shifts (Laws, 2010) therefore there is correlation in the research regarding structured handover. This motivated me into questioning myself in regards to why I had felt the way I did, and thought perhaps this could be due to insufficient amount of handing over and gathering essential information prior to handover which has not enabled me in developing confidence when handing over. Forren (2007) study sample size only focuses on perianasthesia setting handover which made this study relevant to me as my placement was in the theatre. The study could have been more applicable in future if the sample size was extensive to other clinical area as recommended by Russell and Gregory (2003) that articulated that studies with small samples may help to identify theoretically provocative ideas that merit further research. Lilleyman (2004) described handover as the most perilous procedures in patient’s care, a communication hotspot it was articulated that errors such as misinformation can jeopardise patient’s safety and workflow. I realised how limited my nursing intervention was when it comes to handing over and how I have not being able to adopt a systematic approach during my communication with the nurses when handing over which can influence the quality of care I deliver while also limiting my personal nursing development. This does not comply with the PREP has outlined in the NMC. Manser and Foster (2011) research recognized the significance of effective handover communication as it is critical to patient’s safety and quality of care. This has empowered me in recognising that developing my limited structured communication and organising clear thought during handover has numerous amount of effect on patient’s safety during care. Meeting this essential need also acquainted me with compliance to government policies such as NHS outcome 2013/14 that sets out the vision of the white paper which encourages improvement in the care quality provided to patient such as reduced delayed care. The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF 2013) which is also a legal requirement by the care quality commission that focuses on increasing patient’s standardised safety, experience and outcome. A qualitative research conducted by Benham-Hutchins and Effken (2010) identifies insufficient amount of communication during handover can endanger patient’s care by causing communication breakdown which can also lead to mistakes such as drug error. This research was conducted in an acute setting, the researchers conducted the research by asking staff to describe the method used for handing over however one major drawback of this approach is the methodology of the research which appears to be ambiguous. The researchers failed to take into consideration whether the staff nurses will be totally honest in the method used during handover. As I have seen while out in practice that not all nurses follow the tools available for handover, a more appropriate method will be to observe the nurses during patient’s handover. An example of communication breakdown can also be identified as reported in the Francis inquiry (2009) where patient’s care was endangered. Understanding of this has enabled me in accepting how I was unknowingly limiting my patient’s care and the impact it has on my ability to perform to my full potential as a final year student nurse which can lead to delay patient’s care, poor quality, risk and mistakes. In also developing this practical need I will be able to provide an individualised handover based on patient’s need to all member of staffs rather than a broad overview of patients. NMC code of conduct (2008) expects nurses to treat patient as an individual and respect their dignity. Pertinent information will also be assimilated in order to provide continuity of care to my patient as acknowledged in Manias and Street, (2010) research. Development of this need will enable to me to provide adequate handover which shows my competency while also enabling me to be accountable for my actions in order to make informed decisions and provide seamless care as obligatory by the NMC code of conduct (2008). My communication skill during handover will also be improved as it shows my professional development which is a requirement for PREP. This is also authorised by the Joint Commission (2012) that emphasises that well organised communication is extremely central to patient’s safety as communication can be considered as one of the leading issues contributing to patient’s harm. Therefore they recommended in the national patient safety goals that effectiveness of communication should be improved among care givers. Organising my thoughts before handover will support me to work in accordance to the embracement of the 6Cs values of care, compassion, competence, communication, courage and commitment of the nursing practice. Reflecting on areas that I went wrong and the positive feedback received from my mentor has equipped me in feeling more confident while also promoting self-regulation of clinical reasoning and questioning prior to, after handover and also during any form of nursing intervention. Scott and Ely (2007) emphasised that, positive performance should also be considered in reflection. In eagerness to improve this need I started incorporating evidence based into my practice during handover through reading, making notes of the structure used by observing my mentor when she handed over. Situation, background, assessment, recommendation known as the (SBAR) was one of the tool I observed my mentor and other nurses using in practice. The application of this tool aided my handover process as the questions within the tool allowed me to focus on vital information and be concise. Using this tool also enabled me in spending less time on handover as the information needed for communication during handov er was gathered before handover. This action facilitated clarity, effective and assertiveness in my communication which made the task of handing over a lot more easily. Another tool that I used as a structure in providing effective handover is the modified early warning scores (MEWS) pathway. This pathway allowed me to identifying when a patient starts to deteriorate. in order for a patient’s deterioration to be passed on during handover as it was recommended on the chart that a patient with a MEWS score of four or more can be transferred within department as long this is communicated with the receiving department. The Mews chart enabled me to stand as an advocate in ensuring the patient’s care handed over to the other staff will not be compromised as I was able to document the exact figure of observation on the chart for monitoring while also maintaining patient’s continuity of care and safety. NMC code of conduct (2008) expressed, nurses to act as an advocate for those in their care, helping them to access relevant health and social care, information and support. Currie (2002) CUBAN was used to enhanced patient’s care d uring handover by adopting Confidentiality during handover, uninterrupted communication, brief and concise information, accurate and relevant need, and Name nurse would be me and my mentor as we were looking after the patient Based on the knowledge I have gained through research and in-depth reading of this need, I now have more detailed understanding of the effect the gap in my knowledge had on how I was limiting my patient’s care as I was missing pieces of important information. Now I can confidently apply the handover tools to practice which shows evidence based. This has changed my practice to improve the care I give on daily basis as indorsed by PREP. My identified academic need is critical thinking. The learning activity of this need took place over the first semester of my final year. The learning activity took me a week to gather all my feedbacks together from my entire previously submitted essay. After reading through my feedbacks in depth I realised how all my tutors have stated I need to apply critical thinking to my essays. Research on this academic need took me fifteen hours of gathering literatures to enhance my knowledge of this need in order to be able to critically analyse the need in accordance to my development. I have decided to elaborate on my academic need of critical thinking because Girot (2000) identified that in order for nurses to be safe, compassionate, competent and skilled practitioners must develop an aptitude of critical thinking. This made me realised how crucial it is for me to develop critical thinking as a nurse as it will assist me in identifying and challenging assumptions in practice and when writing my essays. McGloin (2007) research made me understand how I have not being reading widely to empower my ability of being able to think critically through development of arguments which has influenced my written work and care given to patient therefore limiting my personal development (PREP). Greetham (2008) also discussed how most student underused critical thinking whereas it is the most pertinent skill needed to improve academic writing. In meeting my academic need I am expecting to get better understanding of my work prior to writing my essay. Cotrell (2008) suggested that having a clear thought through reading widely about that specific area before writing the essay enables student to gain adequate result. This shows that low marks in my essays are impacted by my lack of reading and lack of appropriate preparation before writing my essays. The ability of not being able to source evidence based practice will also have an effect on my nursing care. Critical thinking will allow me as a student to prioritise my work load when writing essays and while also out in practice (Hutchfield and Standing, 2012). Prioritising work load also provides space to be able to review and edit work on different occasions (Davis et al, 2011). Having a critical thinking skill will influence my patient care as I would be able to apply the skill of reasoning and questioning into complex situation encountered in practice. The Department of he alth (2010) also encourages critical thinking as it is a feature that is needed to be an advanced professional practice which is also required. Whiffin and Hasselder (2013) Research paper discussed how critical thinking is one of the characteristics that should be possessed by registered practitioners who owes the duty of providing critical solutions to problems that are complex. Gopee (2002) discussed that health care practitioners and student nurses applies critical thinking skill in their day to day practice whether they undertake the degree level or diploma programme but finds it difficult to transfer it into writing. Chan (2013) discussed how all nursing students can be considered as critical thinkers due to relating theory of what is learnt in class into practice. Hicks (2001) suggested that critical thinking can be developed through experience that involves undertaken complexity activity. Lauder and James (2001) study analysed that there are no significant differences for graduate and non-graduate student when it comes to critical thinking which nicely correlate with Gopee (2002). Understanding of this and having read through different research on what critical thinking is has enabled me to understand what the term critical thinking is. This made me recognise this is a skill I have been applying into my practice unknowingly which I have developed through series of placement but I have not being able to apply it thorough into my academic essay. For example in practice I was told by my mentor that we needed to trial without catheter (TWOC) a patient, this made me question why we were taken this action earlier than usual, whether it was documented by the Doctors, if the patient has been informed and what the after plans were. Reflecting back made me understand this action can be considered as being critical to maintain efficient care. However Girot (2000) research causes lack of consensus by articulating that graduate nursing students possessed greater care planning and decision making skills than non-graduate nursing students. Development of my need connect more with Gopee(2002), Lauder and James (2001) because not all nurses seen in practice undertook the degree program but they are still able to apply critical thinking into the daily nursing activities. Critical thinking will enable me to have the characteristics of a critical thinker while making me accountable for my actions and provide quality nursing care as recommended by Scheffer and Rubenfield (2000) that analysed critical thinkers in nursing exhibit habits of confidence, contextual perspective, flexibility, inquisitiveness, open mindedness and reflection. In realising this it made me understand development of this need has huge impact on my nursing profession as it essential for me to examine every underlying assumption. Critical thinking will result in me providing higher quality of care as I will be able to meet the need and concerns of my patient which is required by the care quality commission. In meeting this need I will be able to consider alternatives, preferences and question any uncertainty. Booth (2008) discussed practitioners must sought after the best available tool to reach the best available decision when providing nursing intervention. In order to impact my pa tient with positive experience, maintain safety and deliver positive outcome I will need to apply my critical thinking skill by assessing the best practice for my patient through autonomously holistic care. Profetto-McGrath (2005) and Scheffer and Rubenfield (2000) discussed how critical thinking improves patients outcome through evidence based practice. Gadamer (2000) research discussed how critical thinking enable nurses to develop as an expert through knowledge and proficiency stage as this allows the nurse to move from being task orientated towards patient specific care and need. This academic need has been limiting my development because awareness of this has made me gathered how much I could have been task orientated in my essays and nursing intervention in order to get the task done rather than reading and seeking for ways to provide an expertise care and work. Chan (2013) study made me realise reading widely is encouraged as it assist student to develop more sophisticated fo rm of reasoning which make complex problems a lot more easier to deal with. This need has a huge impact on my nursing development because appliance of critical thinking enables me to provide quality essay through informed research and also provide safe evidence based care through clinical judgement by finding and applying guidelines in practice (Young, 2004). Critical thinking will enhance my professional development by enabling me to seek out the truth by actively exploring a problem or situation. It will also facilitate me to provide adequate patient centred nursing assessment and intervention while also acting as an advocate for my patient. Development of critical thinking reflects my competency as this is one of the expectations of the NMC code of conduct (2008) and National Institute of health and care excellence (2010) laid emphasised are laid on the importance of critical thinking in nursing practice to perform higher care (Chang et al 2011). Development of this truth seeking need can also leave an impression on my colleagues to strive for the best pr actice available hence influencing the work environment positively which has a great impact on patient’s experience as covered in Chan (2013). Applying critical thinking into my essays has enabled me to be more analytical when using research as evidence to back up points in my writing. Critical thinking has assisted me in planning efficiently before conducting my academic work for example I had to utilise this skill when it came to selecting the best literature to critique and analyse my work prior to writing. Price and Harrington (2010) discussed one of the components of successful academic writing is thorough preparation and through planning. As critical thinking is an on-going skill I will continue applying it to my learning and practice by reading more. Critical thinking can be considered as a key ingredient to lifelong learning that characterizes personal growth and development through experience and practice (Banning, 2006). In conclusion development of these needs has influenced my knowledge and ability of being able to provide evidence based practice into my patient’s care. It has also impacted my academic work by enabling me to question the validity of research before applying it to my essay.

Importance of Sleep in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- GCSE English Lit

Macbeth: The Importance of Sleep Macbeth Sleep is a time when our minds are at rest and the subconscious comes out to play. Sleep is oftentimes considered the place where we are able to see into our future and perhaps figure out how to solve our problems. Sleep is also what heals and cures our minds and bodies. Without sleep we slowly begin to disintegrate. Mind and body no longer cooperate without the healing force sleep brings with it. Shakespeare uses sleep both as a reward and as a consequence in his plays. If a character is innocent and pure, he is allowed restful, fulfilling sleep. If the character lacks these traits of goodness, he is condemned to a lifetime of insomnia and other problems. In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, the reader can see this idea manifest itself in many different ways. From the beginning, when Macbeth hears the voice to the end of the play when Lady Macbeth sleepwalks, the reader sees many examples of this use of sleep. One first encounters the idea of sleep in Macbeth when the central character, Macbeth, murders the sleeping king. After the murder, Macbeth believes he hears a voice cry out, "Sleep no more†¦ Glamis hath murder'd sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more, Macbeth shall sleep no more"(II.ii.58-60)! At this point the reader does not really think much of this warning, assuming it to merely be Macbeth's guilty conscience rather than anything important. But as the signs of the voice's prophecy begin to surface like the symptoms of a disease, Macbeth slowly becomes irrational and ruthless. This is partially due to the, "terr... ...ally 'good' people were changed drastically after sleep was withheld from them. King Duncan and his sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, were considered innocent in this play and therefore they were allowed to sleep. Their sleep was a restful, healing sleep that gave them clear judgment and, in the case of the sons, the will to avenge the wrongful death of their beloved father. For their 'good behaviour' they were able to sleep unhindered. Innocence and purity in a Shakespearean play have rewards attached to them. If a character is good, he is allowed a deep, peaceful, refreshing sleep. If he is evil, he is barred from sleep as a reminder of and a punishment for his wrongdoing. This, in turn, leads to a decline in his mental, emotional and physical well being as is evidenced in Macbeth by the plight of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.

Death Essay -- essays research papers

Death is the termination of lie and its related clinical signs and has been defined in several ways. Death has various stages, signs, and actors affect it that has physiological and ethical responses. It is the nurse’s responsibility to facilitate coping to the dying and the family members, friends and significant other of that person dying.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death is defined in various ways such as Heart-Lung Death, Whole Brain Death and Higher Brain Death. Taylor, Lillis in her book states that Heart-Lung Death is : â€Å"The irreversible cessation of spontaneous respiration and circulation†, this definition emerged from the historical idea that the flow o body fluids was essential or lie. Whole Brain Death is defined as â€Å"The irreversible cessation o all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem†. Higher Brain Death is defined as â€Å"The irreversible loss of all ‘higher’ brain functions, of cognitive function and emerged from the belief that the brain is more important than the spinal cord and critical functions are the individuals personality, conscious life, uniqueness, capacity, judging, reasoning, acting, enjoying, and worrying†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The clinical signs of impending or approaching death includes the following: inability to swallow; pitting edema; decreased gastrointestinal and urinary tract activity; bowel and bladder incontinence; loss of motion, sensation, and reflexes; elevated temperature but cold or clammy skin; cyanosis; lowered blood pressure; and noisy or irregular respiration. The client may or may not loss consciousness. The indicators o imminent death is outlined by authors Black, Hawks and Keene states that, â€Å"Certain physical, cognitive, and behavioural changes occurs as a person enters the active dying process. The human body, like any other living organism, seeks survival; in doing so, it oten alters normal physiology. As the body begins to dieblood is commonly shunted to the brain and the heart, the two most common important organs. Thus, peripheral circulation is limited, leading to mottling of cyanosis. Because the kidneys are no longer perfused adequately, there is a dec rease in urine output. Slowly, all body systems become involved in the dying process. Tachycardia and diminished dodo pressure are observed in acute phase of decompensation of the cardiovascular system. The respiratory system... ... The middle-aged often become preoccupied with death as age approaches whereas older adults ear lingering, incapacitating illness and realizes the imminence e death. While the individual is suffering the primary loss, the family and/or significant other must deal with not only the individual reactions, but also with the current loss. The family con provide a support system for the way in which the individual may deal with the loss. They mutually share feelings and openly communicate both negative and positive emotions related to death. In contrast the family in some way is responsible for the death and may thus eel guilty. They may express feeling of anger, shame, overprotection, withdrawal, and identify with the loss or they may feel helpless or hopeless. In assessing the family reaction the nurse should identify the prior interaction style of the system†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although socio-economic status does not influence the degree of emotion experienced, the support system available to channel the emotions is affected. Financial resources – including insurance policies, pensions and saving may provide the dying individual with more options to deal with the death.

Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectations Essays

The novel Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is a compelling book which many people consider to be one of Charles Dickens’ greatest works. Great Expectations is a novel that has many elements that help the growth and development of Phillip Pirrip, better known as Pip. But none of these elements can be more evident than the kinds of love and their different roles in Pips life. In order to answer how love has influenced Pip’s life we must first define what love is. According to Miss Havisham love is, The different types of love and their roles in Pips life is represented differently by the different characters. The type of love Joe represents in Pips life is the type of love that one can feel between a father and son. Estella represents the lack of love because of the way she treats Pip and the other men in her life. She can also be considered an example of courtly love because of the way she motivated Pip to become a gentleman to win her heart. The type of love that Miss. Havisham represents is selfish love for only oneself. This can be seen by the way she raised Estella to grow up and break the hearts of men. The love that Magwitch represent is compassionate love that is shared between friends, because of the way that Pip treated Magwitch even though he was an escaped convict. Herbert Pocket is also another represents the love that friends have for one another, because he helped add stability Pips life. This is also seen when Pip helped Herbert Pocket reach business success through his donations to his business. Jaggers and Wemmick can also be considered fatherly figures because they helped mentor Pip, and they taught him how to be a gentleman. The love that Biddy represents is both an example of romantic love and the love tha... ... social mobility in England. Despite of all of the obstacles that got in Pips way he was still able to make something of himself other than a mere village blacksmith. The love between friends that was shown by Magwitch gave Pip all of the financial and social resources Pip required in order to allow him to pursue his dream of becoming a person of class. Estella impacts Pip through her lack of love because of the way she cruelly manipulates men into loving her only to later betray them. Miss Havisham’s love of herself enables her to seek revenge through her step-daughter Estella without regard to the suffering she caused to both Pip and Estella. Because of the love some of these characters show to Pip he is able to realize that wealth and your position on the social ladder does not make you a good person, and it can stop you from seeing the finer things in life. Great Expectations Essay -- Great Expectations Essays The novel Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is a compelling book which many people consider to be one of Charles Dickens’ greatest works. Great Expectations is a novel that has many elements that help the growth and development of Phillip Pirrip, better known as Pip. But none of these elements can be more evident than the kinds of love and their different roles in Pips life. In order to answer how love has influenced Pip’s life we must first define what love is. According to Miss Havisham love is, The different types of love and their roles in Pips life is represented differently by the different characters. The type of love Joe represents in Pips life is the type of love that one can feel between a father and son. Estella represents the lack of love because of the way she treats Pip and the other men in her life. She can also be considered an example of courtly love because of the way she motivated Pip to become a gentleman to win her heart. The type of love that Miss. Havisham represents is selfish love for only oneself. This can be seen by the way she raised Estella to grow up and break the hearts of men. The love that Magwitch represent is compassionate love that is shared between friends, because of the way that Pip treated Magwitch even though he was an escaped convict. Herbert Pocket is also another represents the love that friends have for one another, because he helped add stability Pips life. This is also seen when Pip helped Herbert Pocket reach business success through his donations to his business. Jaggers and Wemmick can also be considered fatherly figures because they helped mentor Pip, and they taught him how to be a gentleman. The love that Biddy represents is both an example of romantic love and the love tha... ... social mobility in England. Despite of all of the obstacles that got in Pips way he was still able to make something of himself other than a mere village blacksmith. The love between friends that was shown by Magwitch gave Pip all of the financial and social resources Pip required in order to allow him to pursue his dream of becoming a person of class. Estella impacts Pip through her lack of love because of the way she cruelly manipulates men into loving her only to later betray them. Miss Havisham’s love of herself enables her to seek revenge through her step-daughter Estella without regard to the suffering she caused to both Pip and Estella. Because of the love some of these characters show to Pip he is able to realize that wealth and your position on the social ladder does not make you a good person, and it can stop you from seeing the finer things in life.

Homosexuality in the Military during World War II

Military has a long history with the allegations of homosexuality. They both have always made strange bedfellows. The leadership of armed forces all over the world, usually traditionalists, has in general seen homosexuals as morally wrong, and a threat to solidity. At the start of a war the enormous task of mobilizing thousands of soldiers surpassed concerns about the sexual behavior of troops.But in the case of prolonged war those military men who are found in disgraceful conducts such as homosexuality become a problems for the senior military leadership and they become increasingly determined to rid the services of these types of military men. Paul Jackson’s book – One of the Boys: Homosexuality in the Military during World War II – has discussed this problem in very excellent literary style. In 1990, Allan Berube in his study — Coming out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two –discussed experiences of gays and lesbians in the military of the United States during the World War II.(Berube 1990, 1-22) The reading of Berube’s book had a great excitement and compelled me to read Paul Jackson's book on the World War II experiences of surprising Canadian servicemen (and women). Jackson’s book — One of the Boys — is a deeply researched study of homosexuality in the Canadian military during the years of the World War II. The book contains the result of hours of pouring over court-martial transcripts, police reports, psychiatric assessments, and dozens of interviews.One of the Boys is one of the deeply research researched peaces of writings on the issue as the literature about any feature of gay and lesbian history from the pre-Stonewall period (or to use the Canadian equivalent, before Trudeau's Omnibus bill) requires widespread investigative literary work. No doubt it was not an easy task to discuss the coded disguising of homosexuality and Jackson has done a wonderful job while d eciphering the coded phrases that were used to disguise homosexuality.In the hypermasculine, heteronormative world of the Armed Forces, Jackson has exposed a rich tapestry of homosexual experiences, and thus has made a considerable contribution both to queer history and to the social history of the World War II. In One of the Boys, Jackson seems very careful in choosing words. He avoided using the term gay, which was rarely used in its modern sense during the World War II. He used those terms that were familiar at the time of World War II such as homosexual, queer, fairy or fruit.It seems that Jackson intentionally addressed the subject of homosexuality that he broadly defined to be â€Å"the ability to derive sexual pleasure from members of one's own sex† (Jackson 148). By this way in fact Jackson refused to narrowly limit homosexuality to those who self-identified as such, or to exclude those who engaged in homosexual sex for bodily pleasure, rather than emotional love. Jac kson has not included in the book the controversial debates over whether homosexuality is innate or learned behavior.For the reasons of this work, he casts a wide net to cover the very diverse personifications of homosexuality in the Canadian military during Second World War. To be sure, as Jackson points out, military psychiatrists often decided that a person was not a â€Å"homosexual,† despite overwhelming proof that the person had engaged in same-sex sexual activities, and often regardless of the claims of the man himself that he was homosexual (Jackson 145).While the analysis in One of the Boys of the queer experience of World War II is inspiring, there are a few areas in which Jackson’s work might have been stronger. Unlike Allan Berube's work, Jackson has a very small portion in his book about female homosexuality. However, he seems justified in this omission partly on methodological grounds, since the Canadian military did not target women for courts martial or psychiatric evaluation on this basis. Given that these are Jackson’s main primary sources, one can see how this could pose a major challenge.In terms of oral history, he asserts that lesbians could not be found to be interviewed because the Canadian Legion Magazine would not allow the word â€Å"sexuality† in his advertisements, and that as a gay man he found it difficult to find lesbians to interview (Jackson 22). However, it can be said that this is a rather unsatisfying basis for not including lesbians in the book. Certainly, it might have been better to simply argue that the experience of homosexual women in the World War II is likely to have been qualitatively different from that of men, and consequently out of the range of the book.Jackson included the occasional reference to the experiences of lesbians in the Wrens. It can be little disappointment for those hoping Jackson’s book will provide the comprehensive examination of lesbianism in World War II cal led for in Ruth Roach Pierson's â€Å"They're Still Women After All†. (Pierson 1986, 219) Although the works of Berube and Jackson are good analyses of the subject, but they differ on many occasion.As the Canadian experience of the World War II was clearly different from that of the United States, and Jackson clearly indicates why and how his methodology is different from that of Berube, it is likely that many readers of Jackson's book will be well known with that of Berube. In some respects, the differences and similarities between the two countries are well addressed. For instance, the Canadian regimental system, organized by region, is different against the US buddy system that in views of Berube provided cover for homosexual relationships, and certainly fostered them.On the other hand, Jackson also is of the view that contrary to the American experience found by Berube and John d’Emilio, discharges for homosexuality did not lead to postwar gay activism among Canadi an old boys. (d'Emilio 1983, 1-7) However, it would have been useful to test some of the other conclusions of the American experience. For example, to what amount did Canadian veterans who had homosexual experiences during the World War II stay in urban centers where queer networks survived after demobilization?How did the fight between psychiatrists and military police for authority over the issue of homosexuality play out and what were the larger impacts of this for the psychiatric profession? Berube seems arguing in his book that US psychiatrists went far towards setting up their professional credentials during the World War II; it would be attractive to know if the same held true for their Canadian counterparts and the degree to which identifying homosexuality was important for this.Jackson’s book reads almost as if it is two books merged together: one a policy analysis, the other a social history. The first three chapters of â€Å"One of the Boys† deal with how th e different sections of the Canadian military tried to regulate homosexuality. Chapter I looks at the quite confused efforts of the military to describe its policy on homosexuality. Chapter II looks at the court martial proceedings of those accused with homosexuality-related legal offences, while Chapter III discusses how military psychiatrists attempted to declare their authority over homosexuality as a medical issue.The latter two chapters are oriented around a systematic reading of their respective primary sources: court martial transcripts and psychiatric evaluations. Jackson methodically attracts the attentions of his readers and takes them through the various phases of the court martial and psychiatric assessment processes, providing detailed and personalized accounts of how these two sections of the military dealt with the issue of homosexuality, the first as a moral and legal issue, and the second is trying to make it a medical issue.Jackson’s arguments in his book ma ke it clear that there was a serious unwillingness on the part of authorities to discharge homosexuals from military service. Courts martial were used primarily to discourage homosexual activity, but rarely led to the discharge of noncommissioned servicemen. More commonly, the soldiers would be sentenced to serve time in a custody, after which they would be allowed to return to service. Officers were more likely to be discharged if guilty was established, but were conversely much less likely to be convicted.Jackson’s book suggests that the reason here matches the reason as to why psychiatrists were so unwilling, more so than the courts martial, to state that a man was homosexual. The medical model of homosexuality constructed a homosexual as an antisocial individual, a standpoint reflected in the moral standards of the court martial officers. Yet it was hard to settle this conception with the productive, healthy men who stood under examination; so, many were released, especia lly when they had fellow officers and servicemen keen to vow for their good character innocence.The first chapter of One of the Boys discusses in details this contrast between official military policy denouncing homosexuality on the one hand and the routine leniency towards homosexual behavior on the other. This attitude of military examines the various facets of the military's policy on homosexuality as crafted by the medical services, the National Film Board, the military police, and the RCAF. Generally the first chapter presents a rather random and inconsistent approach to homosexual behavior in the Canadian military: ruthless investigations on the one hand, routine denials on the other.The chapter highlights amusingly in Jackson's satirical â€Å"Routine Order† on homosexuality, in which he describes the de facto military policy on homosexuality, in the absence of an official one. Boiled down to essentials, the de facto policy was to ignore or reject homosexual behavior u nless the performer was otherwise a misfit or a behavioral problem. Any punishment should be light for men in combat units, and heavy for noncombatants, unless they were well liked.Again and again, Jackson discovers that the Canadian military attempted to ignore homosexuality unless individuals were otherwise problematic or were flaunting their sexuality. This silent policy followed from 1940s beginnings of sexuality: all military men were supposed to be male, masculine, and heterosexual, and in the absence of overwhelming proof to the contrary, would be treated as such. In the second half of One of the Boys, Jackson focuses on the social history of homosexuality in the military during the World War II.Chapters IV and V look at the experiences of queer servicemen in Canada and overseas, and chapter VI looks at the impact of homosexuality on esprit de corps, unity, and confidence. The chapters of the second half of the book rely a lot on oral histories and war diaries in addition to the sources used for the earlier chapters, and paint bright pictures of the wartime experience for queer servicemen. Certainly, these sections bring to mind Desmond Morton's excellent work on the experience of Canadian soldiers in the World War I.(Morton 1993, 7-15) In conclusion it can be said that an inspiring amount of research has gone into Jackson’s book, and it would be a remiss if one neglected to mention the visual component of One of the Boys. The book presents an impressive array of war art, including many works by gay war artists that demonstrate aspects of homosexuality and the homosocial bonds that formed during the war. Many of these pieces illustrate homoeroticism and same-sex emotional bonds in the armed forces more clearly than a chapter of text can.Combined with images from drag shows, stills from NFB films, and photos of young military men together, these pictures add a rich visual element to the text. Jackson should be praised also for his use of frank, op en language in unfolding cases of homosexuality during the World War II. Not only does this reflect the actual language used in the records he found, but it is appropriate to the sexually charged material he is dealing with. The book tells the story with frankness and humor. Works Cited Berube, Allan. , Coming out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two (New York: MacMillan, 1990).d'Emilio, John. , Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983). Jackson, Paul. , â€Å"One of the Boys: Homosexuality in the Military during World War II† McGill-Queen’s Univ. Press 2004. Morton, Desmond. , When Your Number's Up: The Canadian Soldier in the First World War (Toronto: Random House, 1993). Pierson, Ruth Roach. , â€Å"They're Still Women After All†: The Second World War and Canadian Womanhood (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986), p. 219.